
                          The Doctrine of the Trinity 
				(Brief Study)
               Submitted by: Frank DeCenso, Jr. af664@yfn.ysu.edu 

   This study is not meant to be exhaustive by any means, but rather, it is
  meant to provide a concise and conclusive argument for the Trinity.  For a
   more exhaustive study, see _The Trinity_ by Edward Henry Bickersteth, and
   _The Biblical Doctrine Of The Trinity_ by Robert Bowman (published by The
                        Christian Research Institute).

I. Trinity Defined 

According to the Academic American Encyclopedia The Trinity refers to the
Christian understanding of God as a unity of three persons: Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit. All are equally God and so are one, each sharing in the
divine attributes of ultimacy, eternity, and changelessness; yet they are
distinguishable in their relations to one another and in their roles
within creaturely and human life and destiny.

The doctrine of the Trinity is a postscriptural attempt to bring to
coherent expression diverse affirmations about God, all of which seemed
necessary to a full statement of Christian experience and belief. First,
from the Hebrew Scriptures and the clear tradition of Jesus' teaching,
the church affirmed that not only is God one, but God is also the
creative and sovereign Father and thus, by implication, transcendent of
finite limits, time, and change--all of which characterize God's
creatures. Second, it was affirmed that Jesus Christ was more than a
great prophet adopted by God; rather, he was "the Son of God," "the Word
made flesh," the divine Logos itself incarnate in a human. Third, the
Holy Spirit, from whose presence the community of believers received
their faith, their confidence in the truth of that faith, their holiness,
and, above all, the efficacy of both baptism and the Eucharist, was
necessarily also God--God's presence in their midst. For Christians,
then, the one God appeared in what they called a threefold "economy," in,
so to speak, three forms or modes.

Difficulties soon emerged in formulating and understanding this threefold
"economy." Divergent views led early to numerous Trinitarian
controversies such as those over subordinationism (the teaching that the
Son is subordinate to the Father and the Holy Spirit to both; see
arianism) and modalism (the view that the three modes are transitory; see
monarchianism and sabellianism). The Councils of Nicaea (325) and
Constantinople (381) outlined the dogma of the Trinity in express
rejection of these teachings.

The Nicene, or Niceno-Constantinopolitan, creed has defined through the
ages, for both Catholic (Roman and Orthodox) and Reformation (Lutheran,
Reformed, and Anglican) churches, the basic doctrine of the Trinity.
Catholic and Protestant theology has sought in various ways to make the
doctrine stated at Nicaea comprehensible. Saint Augustine's lucid
analogies of the divine Trinity in our experience of ourselves as memory,
understanding, and will, and in our experience of our own existence as
characterized by being, truth, and love, have been the point of departure
for most subsequent study. In the religious thought of the Enlightenment
(17th and 18th centuries), there was a strong reaction against
Trinitarianism as an "orthodox" mystery without basis in either
experience or reason--this was the view of unitarianism and deism and of
much 19th-century liberal theology. The great figures of 20th-century
theology--Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, and, most recently, Karl
Rahner--despite their diversity of outlook, have again found the Trinity
a central, in fact an unavoidable, structure for expressing the Christian
understanding of God.

- Langdon Gilkey

Bibliography: 

Bracken, J. A., Society and Spirit (1991); 
Forte,B., The Trinity as History, trans. by P. Rotondi (1991); 
Fortman, E. J., The Triune God (1972); 
Lonergan, B. J. F., The Way to Nicaea: The Dialectical Development of Trinitarian Theology (1976); 
Richardson, C. C., The Doctrine of the Trinity (1958); 
Stephens, B. M., God's Last Metaphor (1981); 
Welch, Claude, In This Name (1952).

II. Not Easily Understood

   A. His Own Did Not Know Him

     1. JOHN 1:5 "And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did
        not comprehend it."
     2. JOHN 1:10 "He was in the world, and the world was made through Him,
        and the world did not know Him."

   B. 1 CORINTHIANS 2:14 "But the natural man does not receive the things of
      the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; nor can he know
      them, because they are spiritually discerned."
 
III. Scriptural Analogies

    A. The Body of Christ

      1. ROMANS 12:4-5 "For as we have many members in one body, but all the
         members do not have the same function, so we, being many, are one
         body in Christ, and individually members of one another."
      2. 1 CORINTHIANS 12:12-14 "For as the body is one and has many members,
         but all the members of that one body, being many, are one body, so
         also is Christ. For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body-
         -whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free--and have all been
         made to drink into one Spirit. For in fact the body is not one member
         but many.
      3. EPHESIANS 2:21-22 "in whom the whole building, being joined together,
         grows into a holy temple in the Lord, in whom you also are being
         built together for a dwelling place of God in the Spirit."

    B. Man's Makeup

      1. 1 THESSALONIANS 5:23-24 "Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify
         you completely; and may your whole spirit, soul, and body be
         preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. He who
         calls you is faithful, who also will do it."  --> GENESIS 1:26 "Then
         God said, "Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness;
         let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of
         the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every
         creeping thing that creeps on the earth."

    C. Old Testament Analogies

      1. NUMBER 14:15 "Now if You kill these people as one man, then the
         nations which have heard of Your fame will speak, saying"
      2. JUDGES 6:16 "And the LORD said to him, "Surely I will be with you,
         and you shall defeat the Midianites as one man."
      3. JUDGES 20:1 "So all the children of Israel came out, from Dan to
         Beersheba, as well as from the land of Gilead, and the congregation
         gathered together as one man before the LORD at Mizpah."
      4. JUDGES 20:8 "So all the people arose as one man, saying, "None of us
         will go to his tent, nor will any turn back to his house"
      5. JUDGES 20:11 "So all the men of Israel were gathered against the
         city, united together as one man."
      6. 2 SAMUEL 19:14 "So he swayed the hearts of all the men of Judah, just
         as the heart of one man, so that they sent this word to the king:
         "Return, you and all your servants!""
      7. EZRA 3:1 "And when the seventh month had come, and the children of
         Israel were in the cities, the people gathered together as one man to
         Jerusalem."
      8. NEHEMIAH 8:1 "Now all the people gathered together as one man in the
         open square that was in front of the Water Gate; and they told Ezra
         the scribe to bring the Book of the Law of Moses, which the LORD had
         commanded Israel."

    D. There Is Nothing You Can Compare God To

      1. ISAIAH 40:18 "To whom then will you liken God? Or what likeness will
         you compare to Him?"
      2. ISAIAH 46:5 ""To whom will you liken Me, and make Me equal And
         compare Me, that we should be alike?"
 
IV. There Is Only One God

   A. JOHN 1:1-3 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God,
      and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God.  All things were
      made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made."

     1. Jehovah's Witnesses' New World Translation states
         "a god"
       A. If that were true, it would negate the following Scriptures :
         1. DEUTERONOMY 4:35 ""To you it was shown, that you might know that
            the LORD Himself is God; there is none other besides Him."
         2. DEUTERONOMY 32:39 "'Now see that I, even I, am He, And there is no
            God besides Me; I kill and I make alive; I wound and I heal; Nor
            is there any who can deliver from My hand."
         3. 2 SAMUEL 7:22 ""Therefore You are great, O Lord GOD. For there is
            none like You, nor is there any God besides You, according to all
            that we have heard with our ears."
         4. 1 CHRONICLES 17:20 ""O LORD, there is none like You, nor is there
            any God besides You, according to all that we have heard with our
            ears."
         5. PSALM 86:10 "For You are great, and do wondrous things; You alone
            are God."
         6. ISAIAH 43:10-11 ""You are My witnesses," says the LORD, "And My
            servant whom I have chosen, That you may know and believe Me, And
            understand that I am He. Before Me there was no God formed, Nor
            shall there be after Me. I, even I, am the LORD, And besides Me
            there is no savior."
         7. ISAIAH 44:6 ""Thus says the LORD, the King of Israel, And his
            Redeemer, the LORD of hosts: 'I am the First and I am the Last;
            Besides Me there is no God."
         8. ISAIAH 44:8 "Do not fear, nor be afraid; Have I not told you from
            that time, and declared it? You are My witnesses. Is there a God
            besides Me? Indeed there is no other Rock; I know not one.'"
         9. ISAIAH 45:5 "I am the LORD, and there is no other; There is no God
            besides Me. I will gird you, though you have not known Me,"
         10. ISAIAH 45:6 "That they may know from the rising of the sun to its
             setting That there is none besides Me. I am the LORD, and there
             is no other"
         11. ISAIAH 45:14 "Thus says the LORD: "The labor of Egypt and
             merchandise of Cush And of the Sabeans, men of stature, Shall
             come over to you, and they shall be yours; They shall walk behind
             you, They shall come over in chains; And they shall bow down to
             you. They will make supplication to you, saying, 'Surely God is
             in you, And there is no other; There is no other God.'"
         12. ISAIAH 45:18 "For thus says the LORD, Who created the heavens,
             Who is God, Who formed the earth and made it, Who has established
             it, Who did not create it in vain, Who formed it to be inhabited:
             "I am the LORD, and there is no other."
         13. ISAIAH 45:21 "Tell and bring forth your case; Yes, let them take
             counsel together. Who has declared this from ancient time? Who
             has told it from that time? Have not I, the LORD? And there is no
             other God besides Me, A just God and a Savior; There is none
             besides Me."
         14. GALATIANS 3:20 "Now a mediator does not mediate for one only, but
             God is one."
         15. 1 TIMOTHY 2:5 "For there is one God and one Mediator between God
             and men, the Man Christ Jesus,"
         16. 1 CORINTHIANS 8:4-6 "Therefore concerning the eating of things
             offered to idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world,
             and that there is no other God but one. For even if there are so-
             called gods, whether in heaven or on earth (as there are many
             gods and many lords), yet for us there is one God, the Father, of
             whom are all things, and we for Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ,
             through whom are all things, and through whom we live."

       B. Greek Grammatical Rules do not allow for that translation

   B. Old Testament Plurals

     1. Hebrew word for "God" is 'elohim' (occurs 2700 times) - a plural noun
        always joined to singular verbs

     2. God refers to Himself in the plural
       A. GENESIS 1:26 "Then God said, "Let Us make man in Our image,
          according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of
          the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all
          the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
       B. GENESIS 3:22 "Then the LORD God said, "Behold, the man has become
          like one of Us, to know good and evil. And now, lest he put out his
          hand and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever"
       C. GENESIS 11:7 ""Come, let Us go down and there confuse their
          language, that they may not understand one another's speech."
       D. ISAIAH 6:8 "Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying: "Whom shall
          I send, And who will go for Us?" Then I said, "Here am I! Send me."

     3. Other verses refer to God in the plural

       A. ISAIAH 48:16 ""Come near to Me, hear this: I have not spoken in
          secret from the beginning; From the time that it was, I was there.
          And now the Lord GOD and His Spirit HAVE sent Me." ("have", singular
          verb)
       B. ECCLESIASTES 12:1 "Remember now your Creator in the days of your
          youth, Before the difficult days come, And the years draw near when
          you say, "I have no pleasure in them" ("creator" is plural)
       C. PROVERBS 9:10 ""The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, And
          the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding." ("Holy One" is
          plural)
       D. JOB 35:10 "But no one says, 'Where is God my Maker, Who gives songs
          in the night" (God", "Maker" are plural)
       E. ISAIAH 54:5 "For your Maker is your husband, The LORD of hosts is
          His name; And your Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel; He is called
          the God of the whole earth." ("Husband", "Maker" are plural)

   C. New Testament Singular

     1. MATTHEW 28:19 ""Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations,
        baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the
        Holy Spirit" ("name" is singular)

   D. God Will Not Give His Glory To Another

     1. ISAIAH 42:8 "I am the LORD, that is My name; And My glory I will not
        give to another, Nor My praise to carved images." ; ISAIAH 48:11 "For
        My own sake, for My own sake, I will do it; For how should My name be
        profaned? And I will not give My glory to another."  --> JOHN 17:5
        ""And now, O Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory
        which I had with You before the world was."
 
V. The Pre-Existence of Jesus Christ

  A. Jesus Has Always Existed

    1. MICAH 5:2 ""But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Though you are little among
       the thousands of Judah, Yet out of you shall come forth to Me The One
       to be Ruler in Israel, Whose goings forth are from of old, From
       everlasting."
    2. ISAIAH 9:6 "For unto us a Child is born, Unto us a Son is given; And
       the government will be upon His shoulder. And His name will be called
       Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace."
    3. ZECHARIAH 12:10 ""And I will pour on the house of David and on the
       inhabitants of Jerusalem the Spirit of grace and supplication; then
       they will look on Me whom they pierced. Yes, they will mourn for Him as
       one mourns for his only son, and grieve for Him as one grieves for a
       firstborn." --> REVELATION 1:7-8 "Behold, He is coming with clouds, and
       every eye will see Him, even they who pierced Him. And all the tribes
       of the earth will mourn because of Him. Even so, Amen. "I am the Alpha
       and the Omega, the Beginning and the End," says the Lord, "who is and
       who was and who is to come, the Almighty."
    4. 1 CORINTHIANS 10:9 "nor let us tempt Christ, as some of them also
       tempted, and were destroyed by serpents"  --> NUMBERS 21:6-9 "So the
       LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and
       many of the people of Israel died.  Therefore the people came to Moses,
       and said, "We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD and
       against you; pray to the LORD that He take away the serpents from us."
       So Moses prayed for the people. Then the LORD said to Moses, "Make a
       fiery serpent, and set it on a pole; and it shall be that everyone who
       is bitten, when he looks at it, shall live." So Moses made a bronze
       serpent, and put it on a pole; and so it was, if a serpent had bitten
       anyone, when he looked at the bronze serpent, he lived."
    5. 1 CORINTHIANS 10:4 "and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they
       drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them, and that Rock was
       Christ." --> ISA. 44:8 "Do not fear, nor be afraid; Have I not told you
       from that time, and declared it? You are My witnesses. Is there a God
       besides Me? Indeed there is no other Rock; I know not one.'"
    6. JOHN 1:15 "John bore witness of Him and cried out, saying, "This was He
       of whom I said, 'He who comes after me is preferred before me, for He
       was before me.'" ; JOHN 1:30 ""This is He of whom I said, 'After me
       comes a Man who is preferred before me, for He was before me.'"
    7. JOHN 1:1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and
       the Word was God." ; JOHN 1:14 "And the Word became flesh and dwelt
       among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of
       the Father, full of grace and truth."
    8. JOHN 3:13 ""No one has ascended to heaven but He who came down from
       heaven, that is, the Son of Man who is in heaven."
    9. JOHN 6:51 ""I am the living bread which came down from heaven. If
       anyone eats of this bread, he will live forever; and the bread that I
       shall give is My flesh, which I shall give for the life of the world."
    10. JOHN 3:31-32 ""He who comes from above is above all; he who is of the
       earth is earthly and speaks of the earth. He who comes from heaven is
       above all. "And what He has seen and heard, that He testifies; and no
       one receives His testimony."
    11. JOHN 17:5 ""And now, O Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with
        the glory which I had with You before the world was."
    12. JOHN 17:24 ""Father, I desire that they also whom You gave Me may be
        with Me where I am, that they may behold My glory which You have given
        Me; for You loved Me before the foundation of the world."
    13. ISAIAH 43:10 ""You are My witnesses," says the LORD, "And My servant
        whom I have chosen, That you may know and believe Me, And understand
        that I am He. Before Me there was no God formed, Nor shall there be
        after Me."

  B. The Father's Testimony

    1. HEBREWS 1:1-2 "God, who at various times and in various ways spoke in
       time past to the fathers by the prophets, has in these last days spoken
       to us by His Son, whom He has appointed heir of all things, through
       whom also He made the worlds" ; HEBREWS 1:5-10 "For to which of the
       angels did He ever say: "You are My Son, Today I have begotten You"?
       And again: "I will be to Him a Father, And He shall be to Me a Son"?
       But when He again brings the firstborn into the world, He says: "Let
       all the angels of God worship Him." And of the angels He says: "Who
       makes His angels spirits And His ministers a flame of fire." But to the
       Son He says: "Your throne, O God, is forever and ever; A scepter of
       righteousness is the scepter of Your Kingdom. You have loved
       righteousness and hated lawlessness; Therefore God, Your God, has
       anointed You With the oil of gladness more than Your companions." And:
       "You, LORD, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, And the
       heavens are the work of Your hands."

  C. Jesus In The Role of Creator

    1. The LORD created everything alone
      A. ISAIAH 44:24 "Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, And He who formed
         you from the womb: "I am the LORD, who makes all things, Who
         stretches out the heavens all alone, Who spreads abroad the earth by
         Myself"

    2. Jesus participated in the creation

      A. JOHN 1:1-3 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God,
         and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things
         were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was
         made."
      B. COLOSSIANS 1:16 "For by Him all things were created that are in
         heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones
         or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were created
         through Him and for Him."
      C. HEBREWS 1:2 "has in these last days spoken to us by His Son, whom He
         has appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the
         worlds" ; HEBREWS 1:10-12 "And: "You, LORD, in the beginning laid the
         foundation of the earth, And the heavens are the work of Your hands.
         They will perish, but You remain; And they will all grow old like a
         garment; Like a cloak You will fold them up, And they will be
         changed. But You are the same, And Your years will not fail."

    3. Therefore, the Godhead (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) created everything
       alone

      A. GENESIS 1:26 "Then God said, "Let Us make man in Our image, according
         to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea,
         over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth
         and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
 
VI. Jesus' Claims To Be God

   A. Almighty God: REVELATION 1:8 ""I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
      Beginning and the End," says the Lord, "who is and who was and who is to
      come, the Almighty." (this verse is probably referring to Jesus, but
      Jehovah's Witnesses state it is referring to God the Father); REVELATION
      21:5-7 "Then He who sat on the throne said, "Behold, I make all things
      new." And He said to me, "Write, for these words are true and faithful."
      And He said to me, "It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
      Beginning and the End. I will give of the fountain of the water of life
      freely to him who thirsts.  "He who overcomes shall inherit all things,
      and I will be his God and he shall be My son." --> Jesus Christ:
      REVELATION 1:11 "saying, "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and
      the Last," and, "What you see, write in a book and send it to the seven
      churches which are in Asia: to Ephesus, to Smyrna, to Pergamos, to
      Thyatira, to Sardis, to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea." ; REVELATION 2:8
      ""And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write, 'These things says the
      First and the Last, who was dead, and came to life" ; REVELATION 22:12-
      13 ""And behold, I am coming quickly, and My reward is with Me, to give
      to every one according to his work. "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the
      Beginning and the End, the First and the Last." ; REVELATION 22:16 ""I,
      Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things in the
      churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the Bright and
      Morning Star."

     1. There can only be one "first" and one "last"

       A. ISAIAH 41:4 "Who has performed and done it, Calling the generations
          from the beginning? 'I, the LORD, am the first; And with the last I
          am He.'"
       B. ISAIAH 44:6 ""Thus says the LORD, the King of Israel, And his
          Redeemer, the LORD of hosts: 'I am the First and I am the Last;
          Besides Me there is no God."
       C. ISAIAH 48:12 ""Listen to Me, O Jacob, And Israel, My called: I am
          He, I am the First, I am also the Last."

   B. JOHN 8:24 ""Therefore I said to you that you will die in your sins; for
      if you do not believe that I am, you will die in your sins." ; JOHN 8:58
      "Jesus said to them, "Most assuredly, I say to you, before Abraham was,
      I AM."

   C. JOHN 10:30 ""I and My Father are one."

     1. Jesus accused of blasphemy

       A. JOHN 8:59 "Then they took up stones to throw at Him; but Jesus hid
          Himself and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them,
          and so passed by."
       B. JOHN 10:30-33 ""I and My Father are one." Then the Jews took up
          stones again to stone Him. Jesus answered them, "Many good works I
          have shown you from My Father. For which of those works do you stone
          Me?" The Jews answered Him, saying, "For a good work we do not stone
          You, but for blasphemy, and because You, being a Man, make Yourself
          God."
       C. JOHN 5:17-18 "But Jesus answered them, "My Father has been working
          until now, and I have been working." Therefore the Jews sought all
          the more to kill Him, because He not only broke the Sabbath, but
          also said that God was His Father, making Himself equal with God."

   D. JOHN 14:6-9 "Jesus said to him, "I am the way, the truth, and the life.
      No one comes to the Father except through Me. "If you had known Me, you
      would have known My Father also; and from now on you know Him and have
      seen Him." Philip said to Him, "Lord, show us the Father, and it is
      sufficient for us." Jesus said to him, "Have I been with you so long,
      and yet you have not known Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has seen the
      Father; so how can you say, 'Show us the Father'?"

   E. JOHN 3:16 ""For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten
      Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting
      life." (Greek of "only begotten")

   F. MATTHEW 18:20 ""For where two or three are gathered together in My name,
      I am there in the midst of them." (Jesus' claim of omnipresence)
 
VII. Others' Claims That Jesus Is God

    A. The Word Of God

      1. JOHN 1:1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God,
         and the Word was God." ; JOHN 1:14 "And the Word became flesh and
         dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only
         begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth."
      2. JOHN 1:18 "No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten Son,
         who is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared Him." (Most
         translations say "only begotten Son".  But "Son" is THEOS in the
         Greek, which means "God"))
      3. JOHN 12:37-41 "But although He had done so many signs before them,
         they did not believe in Him, that the word of Isaiah the prophet
         might be fulfilled, which he spoke: "Lord, who has believed our
         report? And to whom has the arm of the LORD been revealed?" Therefore
         they could not believe, because Isaiah said again: "He has blinded
         their eyes and hardened their hearts, Lest they should see with their
         eyes, Lest they should understand with their hearts and turn, So that
         I should heal them." These things Isaiah said when he saw His glory
         and spoke of Him." --> ISA. 6:1-5
      4. JOHN 20:28 "And Thomas answered and said to Him, "My Lord and my
         God!"
      5. MATTHEW 1:21-23 ""And she will bring forth a Son, and you shall call
         His name JESUS, for He will save His people from their sins." So all
         this was done that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord
         through the prophet, saying: "Behold, the virgin shall be with child,
         and bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel," which is
         translated, "God with us."
      6. ACTS 20:28 ""Therefore take heed to yourselves and to all the flock,
         among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the
         church of God which He purchased with His own blood."
      7. ROMANS 9:5 "of whom are the fathers and from whom, according to the
         flesh, Christ came, who is over all, the eternally blessed God.
         Amen."
      8. ROMANS 10:9-13 "that if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus
         and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you
         will be saved. For with the heart one believes unto righteousness,
         and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. For the
         Scripture says, "Whoever believes on Him will not be put to shame."
         For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek, for the same Lord
         over all is rich to all who call upon Him. For "whoever calls on the
         name of the LORD shall be saved."  --> JOEL 2:32 "And it shall come
         to pass That whoever calls on the name of the LORD Shall be saved.
         For in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be deliverance, As the
         LORD has said, Among the remnant whom the LORD calls."
      9. COLOSSIANS 1:15-18 "He is the image of the invisible God, the
         firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created that
         are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether
         thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were
         created through Him and for Him. And He is before all things, and in
         Him all things consist. And He is the head of the body, the church,
         who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that in all things
         He may have the preeminence."
      10. COLOSSIANS 2:9 "For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead
          bodily"
      11. 1 TIMOTHY 1:16-17 "However, for this reason I obtained mercy, that
          in me first Jesus Christ might show all longsuffering, as a pattern
          to those who are going to believe on Him for everlasting life.  Now
          to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, to God who alone is wise,
          be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen."
      12. 1 TIMOTHY 3:15-16 "but if I am delayed, I write so that you may know
          how you ought to conduct yourself in the house of God, which is the
          church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. And
          without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: He was
          manifested in the flesh, Justified in the Spirit, Seen by angels,
          Preached among the Gentiles, Believed on in the world, Received up
          in glory."
      13. 1 TIMOTHY 6:14-16 "that you keep this commandment without spot,
          blameless until our Lord Jesus Christ's appearing, which He will
          manifest in His own time, He who is the blessed and only Potentate,
          the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone has immortality,
          dwelling in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see,
          to whom be honor and everlasting power.  Amen."
      14. TITUS 2:13 "looking for the blessed hope and glorious appearing of
          our great God and Savior Jesus Christ"
      15. 2 PETER 1:1 "Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ,
          To those who have obtained like precious faith with us by the
          righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ"
      16. 1 JOHN 5:20 "And we know that the Son of God has come and has given
          us an understanding, that we may know Him who is true; and we are in
          Him who is true, in His Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God and
          eternal life."

    B. Early Church Writings (some below are from _The Lost Books of the
       Bible_)

      1. Barnabus (?)

        A. The General Epistle of Barnabus 4:7 "And for this cause the Lord
           was content to suffer for our souls, although he be the Lord of the
           whole earth; to whom God said before the beginning of the world,
           Let us make man after our own image and likeness."
        B. The General Epistle of Barnabus 5:8,9 "Moses also in like manner
           speaketh to them; Behold thus saith the Lord God; enter ye into the
           good land of which the Lord hath sworn to Abraham, and Issac, and
           Jacob, that he would give you, and possess it; a land flowing with
           milk and honey. Now what is the spiritual meaning of this is,
           learn; It is as if it had been said, Put your trust in Jesus, who
           shall be manifested to you in the flesh...."
        C. The General Epistle of Barnabus 5:12 "For thus the Scripture saith
           concerning us, where it intoduceth the Father speaking to the Son;
           Let us make man after our likeness and similitude".
        D. The General Epistle of Barnabus 5:17 "Because He was about to be
           made manifest in the flesh and to dwell in us."

      2. Ignatius (30-107 AD)

        A. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 1:1 "...according to the
           will of the Father, and Jesus Christ our God".
        B. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 2:7 "There is one
           physician, both fleshly and spiritual; made and not made; God
           incarnate..."
        C. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 4:9 "For our God Jesus
           Christ, was, according to the appointment of God, conceived in the
           womb by Mary, of the seed of David, but by the Holy Ghost."
        D. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 4:13 "...God Himself
           appearing in the form of a man, for the renewal of eternal life."
        E. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2:11 "There is ...one
           Jesus Christ; who proceeded from one Father, and exists in one, and
           is returned to one."
        F. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 4:6 "Be subject to your
           bishop, and to one another, as Jesus Christ to the Father,
           according to the flesh".
        G. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians 2:4 "continue inseparable
           from Jesus Christ our God".
        H. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans 1:1 "to the church which has
           obtained mercy from the majesty of the Most High Father, and His
           only begotten Son Jesus Christ; beloved, and illuminated through
           the will of Him who willeth all things which are according to the
           love of Jesus Christ our God".
        I. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans 1:13 "For even our God, Jesus
           Christ, now that He is in the Father".
        J. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians 2:23 "He is the door
           of the Father; by which Abraham, and Issac, and Jacob, and all the
           prophets enter in; as well as the Apostles, and the church."
        K. The Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrneans 1:2 "I glorify God, even
           Jesus Christ".
        L. The Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp 1:15 "await Him that is above
           every season, the Eternal, the Invisible, who became visible for
           our sake...who suffered for our sake."
        M. The Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp 3:10 "...in our God, Jesus
           Christ".

      3. Polycarp (69-155 AD)

        A. The Epistle of Polycarp to the Church at Philippi, 12 "Now may the
           God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the eternal High
           Priest Himself, the God Jesus Christ, build you up in the faith..."

      4.  Justin Martyr (110-166 AD)

        A. Dialogue With Trypho, 34 "For Christ is King, and Priest, and God
           and Lord..."
        B. Dialogue With Trypho, 137 "who was also fire when He spoke with
           Moses from the bush....our Christ conversed with Moses under the
           appearance of fire from a bush."
        C. Dialogue With Trypho, 48 "...He preexisted as the Son of the
           Creator of things, being God, and that He was born a man by the
           Virgin."
        D. First Apology, 63 "...the Father of all has a Son, who is both the
           first-born Word of God and is God."
      5. Irenaeus (120-202 AD)

        A. Irenaeus Against Heresies, 1.10.1 "In order that to Christ Jesus,
           our Lord, and God, and Savior, and King..."
        B. Irenaeus Against Heresies, 4:10 "For with Him were always present
           the Word and Wisdom, the Son and the Spirit, by whom and in whom,
           freely and spontaneously, He made all things, to whom also He
           speaks, saying, 'Let us make man after our image and likeness'".
        C. Irenaeus Against Heresies, 3.19.1-2 "...He is Himself in His own
           right God and Lord and Eternal King and Only Begotten and Incarnate
           Word....The Scriptures would not have borne witness to these things
           concerning Him, if, like everyone else, He were mere man."
        D. Irenaeus Against Heresies, 5.19.1 "The Virgin Mary...being obedient
           to His word, received from an angel the glad tidings that she would
           bear God."

      6. Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD)

        A. First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians 7:2 "For thus says the
           Holy Spirit; Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, nor let the
           strong man glory in his strength, nor let the rich man glory in his
           riches".  (a quote of Jeremiah 9:23, "For thus says LORD, 'Let not
           the wise man glory in his wisdom...'")
        B. Second Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians 1:1 "Brethren, we
           ought so to think of Jesus Christ as of God : as of the judge of
           the living and the dead".

      7. Unknown Author (150 AD)

        A. Epistle to Diognetus, 7 "Rather he sent the Designer and Maker of
           the universe Himself....God sent him to men."
        B. Epistle to Diognetus, 11 "This is he who was from the beginning,
           who appeared new and yet was found to be old, and is ever born
           young in the hearts of the saints.  This is the eternal one, who
           today is accounted the Son."

      8. Athenagoras (about 177 AD)

        A. Intercession on Behalf of the Saints, 10 "Who, then, would not be
           astonished to hear those called atheists who admit God the Father,
           God the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and who teach their unity in
           power and their distinction in rank?"

      9. Theophilus of Antioch (died 181 AD)

        A. To Autolycus 2.22 "The divine Scripture itself teaches us that Adam
           said he had heard the voice.  And what else is this voice but the
           Word of God, which also is His Son".

      10. Melito of Sardis (died about 190 AD)

         A. Guide, 13 "The activities of Christ after His baptism, and
            especially His miracles, gave indication and assurance to the
            world of the Deity hidden in the flesh.  Being God and likewise
            perfect man...He concealed the signs of His Deity, although He was
            the true God existing before the ages."

      11. Hippolytus (died 236 AD)

         A. Refutation of All Heresies 10.34 "For Christ is the God over all".
         B. Against the Heresy of a Certain Noetus, 17 "God the Word came down
            from heaven...He came forth into the world and...showed Himself to
            be God".

      12. Tertullian (converted around 193 AD)

         A. The Soul 41.3 "God alone is without sin.  The only man without sin
            is Christ; for Christ is also God."

      13. Origin (185-254)

         A. Fundamental Doctrines 1. pref. 2-4; 1.2.1; 4.4.1 "Although He was
            God, He took flesh; and having been made man, He remained what He
            was, God".

      14. Athanasius (297-373) : He countered Arius' view by replying "that
           the Son was indeed co-eternal with the Father, but not subordinate
           to Him, except in the context of the incarnation." (New Dictionary
           of Theology, pg.  693)

      15. Council of Nicea (325 AD)

         A. Nicene Creed
                       The Nicene Creed
            (from the Council of Nicea, 325 a.d.)
 
          I believe in one God and Father Almighty,
                  Maker of heaven and earth,
           And of all things visible and invisible:
 
           And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-
                     begotten Son of God;
          Begotten of His Father before all worlds,
      God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God;
                     Begotten, not made;
           Being of one substance with the Father;
                By whom all things were made:
 Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven,
   And was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary,
                      And was made man:
     And was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate;
                 He suffered and was buried:
 And the third day He rose again according to the Scriptures:
                  And ascended into heaven,
         And sitteth on the right hand of the Father:
        And He shall come again, with glory, to judge
                 both the quick and the dead;
               Whose kingdom shall have no end.
 
        And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and
                        Giver of Life,
         Who proceedeth from the Father and the Son;
      Who with the Father and Son together is worshiped
                        and glorified;
                  Who spake by the Prophets:
 
      And I believe in the one catholic [universal] and
                      Apostolic Church:
     I acknowledge one Baptism for the remission of sins;
         And I look for the Resurrection of the dead:
              And the life of the world to come.
                            Amen.
 
VIII. Jesus' Submission To The Father In The Incarnation

     A. JOHN 14:28 ""You have heard Me say to you, 'I am going away and coming
        back to you.' If you loved Me, you would rejoice because I said, 'I am
        going to the Father,' for My Father is greater than I."  --> LUKE
        22:27 ""For who is greater, he who sits at the table, or he who
        serves? Is it not he who sits at the table? Yet I am among you as the
        One who serves."
     B. PHILIPPIANS 2:5-8 "Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ
        Jesus, who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to
        be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form
        of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men. And being found
        in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the
        point of death, even the death of the cross."
 
IX. Jesus And The Holy Spirit Are One In Essence

   A. JOHN 14:16-18 ""And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another
      Helper, that He may abide with you forever--"the Spirit of truth, whom
      the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but
      you know Him, for He dwells with you and will be in you. "I will not
      leave you orphans; I will come to you."

   B. 2 CORINTHIANS 3:17 "Now the Lord is the Spirit; and where the Spirit of
      the Lord is, there is liberty."
     1. Jesus is physically in heaven
       A. ACTS 2:33 ""Therefore being exalted to the right hand of God, and
          having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, He
          poured out this which you now see and hear."
       B. 1 PETER 3:22 "who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of
          God, angels and authorities and powers having been made subject to
          Him."
       C. ROMANS 8:34 "Who is he who condemns? It is Christ who died, and
          furthermore is also risen, who is even at the right hand of God, who
          also makes intercession for us."
       D. HEBREWS 10:12 "But this Man, after He had offered one sacrifice for
          sins forever, sat down at the right hand of God"
       E. EPHESIANS 1:20 "which He worked in Christ when He raised Him from
          the dead and seated Him at His right hand in the heavenly places"
       F. COLOSSIANS 3:1 "If then you were raised with Christ, seek those
          things which are above, where Christ is, sitting at the right hand
          of God."
       G. HEBREWS 1:3 "who being the brightness of His glory and the express
          image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His
          power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down at the right
          hand of the Majesty on high"
       H. HEBREWS 8:1 "Now this is the main point of the things we are saying:
          We have such a High Priest, who is seated at the right hand of the
          throne of the Majesty in the heavens"
       I. HEBREWS 12:2 "looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our
          faith, who for the joy that was set before Him endured the cross,
          despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the
          throne of God."

     2. Jesus dwells in us

       A. 2 CORINTHIANS 13:5 "Examine yourselves as to whether you are in the
          faith.  Test yourselves. Do you not know yourselves, that Jesus
          Christ is in you?--unless indeed you are disqualified."
       B. 1 JOHN 5:11-12 "And this is the testimony: that God has given us
          eternal life, and this life is in His Son. He who has the Son has
          life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have life."
       C. EPHESIANS 3:17 "that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith;
          that you, being rooted and grounded in love"
       D. COLOSSIANS 1:27 "To them God willed to make known what are the
          riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles: which is
          Christ in you, the hope of glory."
       E. ROMANS 8:10 "And if Christ is in you, the body is dead because of
          sin, but the Spirit is life because of righteousness."
       F. GALATIANS 2:20 ""I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer
          I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in
          the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave
          Himself for me."

     3. Jesus is always with us

       A. MATTHEW 28:20 ""teaching them to observe all things that I have
          commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the
          age." Amen."

     4. Jesus is with believers when they gather

       A. MATTHEW 18:20 ""For where two or three are gathered together in My
          name, I am there in the midst of them."
 
X. The Holy Spirit Is God

  A. JAMES 4:4-5 "Adulterers and adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship
     with the world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend
     of the world makes himself an enemy of God. Or do you think that the
     Scripture says in vain, "The Spirit who dwells in us yearns jealously"?"

  B. ACTS 5:3-4 "But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to
     lie to the Holy Spirit and keep back part of the price of the land for
     yourself? "While it remained, was it not your own? And after it was sold,
     was it not in your own control?  Why have you conceived this thing in
     your heart? You have not lied to men but to God."

  C. MARK 3:28-29 ""Assuredly, I say to you, all sins will be forgiven the
     sons of men, and whatever blasphemies they may utter; "but he who
     blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is subject
     to eternal condemnation"

  D. JOHN 14:17 ""the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because
     it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with
     you and will be in you."  --> JOHN 14:23 "Jesus answered and said to him,
     "If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word; and My Father will love him,
     and We will come to him and make Our home with him."

  E. HEBREWS 10:15-17 "But the Holy Spirit also witnesses to us; for after He
     had said before, "This is the covenant that I will make with them after
     those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws into their hearts, and in
     their minds I will write them," then He adds, "Their sins and their
     lawless deeds I will remember no more."  --> JEREMIAH 31:33-34 ""But this
     is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those
     days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on
     their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. "No
     more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother,
     saying, 'Know the LORD,' for they all shall know Me, from the least of
     them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their
     iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more."
 
XI. God Raised Jesus From The Dead

   A. God Raised Jesus

     1. EPHESIANS 1:19-20 "and what is the exceeding greatness of His power
        toward us who believe, according to the working of His mighty power
        which He worked in Christ when He raised Him from the dead and seated
        Him at His right hand in the heavenly places"
     2. ROMANS 10:9 "that if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and
        believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you will
        be saved."
     3. COLOSSIANS 2:12 "buried with Him in baptism, in which you also were
        raised with Him through faith in the working of God, who raised Him
        from the dead."
     4. 1 PETER 1:21 "who through Him believe in God, who raised Him from the
        dead and gave Him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God."
     5. 1 CORINTHIANS 6:14 "And God both raised up the Lord and will also
        raise us up by His power."
     6. ACTS 2:24 ""whom God raised up, having loosed the pains of death,
        because it was not possible that He should be held by it."
     7. ACTS 3:15 ""and killed the Prince of life, whom God raised from the
        dead, of which we are witnesses."
     8. ACTS 13:34 ""And that He raised Him from the dead, no more to return
        to corruption, He has spoken thus: 'I will give you the sure mercies
        of David.'"
     9. ACTS 13:37 ""but He whom God raised up saw no corruption."
     10. HEBREWS 13:20 "Now may the God of peace who brought up our Lord Jesus
         from the dead, that great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of
         the everlasting covenant"

       A. The Father raised Jesus

         1. ROMANS 6:4 "Therefore we were buried with Him through baptism into
            death, that just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory
            of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life."
         2. GALATIANS 1:1 "Paul, an apostle (not from men nor through man, but
            through Jesus Christ and God the Father who raised Him from the
            dead)"

       B. Jesus raised Himself

         1. JOHN 2:19 "Jesus answered and said to them, "Destroy this temple,
            and in three days I will raise it up." ; JOHN 2:21 "But He was
            speaking of the temple of His body."
         2. JOHN 10:17-18 ""Therefore My Father loves Me, because I lay down
            My life that I may take it again. "No one takes it from Me, but I
            lay it down of Myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have
            power to take it again. This command I have received from My
            Father."
 
XII. We Are The Temple Of The God

    A. God Dwells In Us

      1. 2 CORINTHIANS 6:16 "And what agreement has the temple of God with
         idols? For you are the temple of the living God. As God has said: "I
         will dwell in them And walk among them. I will be their God, And they
         shall be My people."
      2. EPHESIANS 2:22 "in whom you also are being built together for a
         dwelling place of God in the Spirit."
      3. 1 JOHN 4:12 "No one has seen God at any time. If we love one another,
         God abides in us, and His love has been perfected in us."
      4. 1 JOHN 4:13 "By this we know that we abide in Him, and He in us,
         because He has given us of His Spirit."
      5. 1 JOHN 4:15 "Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God, God
         abides in him, and he in God."
      6. 1 JOHN 4:16 "And we have known and believed the love that God has for
         us. God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God, and God in
         him."

        A. The Father dwells in us

          1. 2 CORINTHIANS 6:16 "And what agreement has the temple of God with
             idols? For you are the temple of the living God. As God has said:
             "I will dwell in them And walk among them. I will be their God,
             And they shall be My people."
          2. 2 JOHN 9 "Whoever transgresses and does not abide in the doctrine
             of Christ does not have God. He who abides in the doctrine of
             Christ has both the Father and the Son."

        B. Jesus dwells in us

          1. EPHESIANS 3:17 "that Christ may dwell in your hearts through
             faith; that you, being rooted and grounded in love"
          2. 2 CORINTHIANS 13:5 "Examine yourselves as to whether you are in
             the faith. Test yourselves. Do you not know yourselves, that
             Jesus Christ is in you?--unless indeed you are disqualified."
          3. 1 JOHN 5:11-12 "And this is the testimony: that God has given us
             eternal life, and this life is in His Son. He who has the Son has
             life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have life."
          4. COLOSSIANS 1:27 "To them God willed to make known what are the
             riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles: which is
             Christ in you, the hope of glory."
          5. ROMANS 8:10 "And if Christ is in you, the body is dead because of
             sin, but the Spirit is life because of righteousness."
          6. GALATIANS 2:20 ""I have been crucified with Christ; it is no
             longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I
             now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who
             loved me and gave Himself for me."

        D. The Father and Jesus dwells in us

          1. JOHN 14:23 "Jesus answered and said to him, "If anyone loves Me,
             he will keep My word; and My Father will love him, and We will
             come to him and make Our home with him."

        C. The Holy Spirit dwells in us

          1. JOHN 14:17 ""the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive,
             because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for
             He dwells with you and will be in you."
          2. ROMANS 8:9 "But you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if
             indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. Now if anyone does not
             have the Spirit of Christ, he is not His."
          3. 1 CORINTHIANS 3:16 "Do you not know that you are the temple of
             God and that the Spirit of God dwells in you?"
          4. 2 TIMOTHY 1:14 "That good thing which was committed to you, keep
             by the Holy Spirit who dwells in us."
          5. GALATIANS 4:6 "And because you are sons, God has sent forth the
             Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying out, "Abba, Father!""
          6. 1 CORINTHIANS 6:19 "Or do you not know that your body is the
             temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God,
             and you are not your own?"
